findmovemail programls on MS-WindowsEmacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time display editor. This manual describes how to edit with Emacs and some of the ways to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version 25.1.
This is the GNU Emacs Manual, updated for Emacs version 25.1.
Copyright © 1985–1987, 1993–2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being “The GNU Manifesto,” “Distribution” and “GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE,” with the Front-Cover Texts being “A GNU Manual,” and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License.”
(a) The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: “You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in developing GNU and promoting software freedom.”
| • Distrib: | How to get the latest Emacs distribution. | |
| • Intro: | An introduction to Emacs concepts. | |
Important General Concepts |
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| • Screen: | How to interpret what you see on the screen. | |
| • User Input: | Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, function keys). | |
| • Keys: | Key sequences: what you type to request one editing action. | |
| • Commands: | Named functions run by key sequences to do editing. | |
| • Entering Emacs: | Starting Emacs from the shell. | |
| • Exiting: | Stopping or killing Emacs. | |
Fundamental Editing Commands |
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| • Basic: | The most basic editing commands. | |
| • Minibuffer: | Entering arguments that are prompted for. | |
| • M-x: | Invoking commands by their names. | |
| • Help: | Commands for asking Emacs about its commands. | |
Important Text-Changing Commands |
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| • Mark: | The mark: how to delimit a region of text. | |
| • Killing: | Killing (cutting) and yanking (copying) text. | |
| • Registers: | Saving a text string or a location in the buffer. | |
| • Display: | Controlling what text is displayed. | |
| • Search: | Finding or replacing occurrences of a string. | |
| • Fixit: | Commands especially useful for fixing typos. | |
| • Keyboard Macros: | Recording a sequence of keystrokes to be replayed. | |
Major Structures of Emacs |
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| • Files: | All about handling files. | |
| • Buffers: | Multiple buffers; editing several files at once. | |
| • Windows: | Viewing multiple pieces of text in one frame. | |
| • Frames: | Using multiple windows on your display. | |
| • International: | Using non-ASCII character sets. | |
Advanced Features |
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| • Modes: | Major and minor modes alter Emacs’s basic behavior. | |
| • Indentation: | Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines. | |
| • Text: | Commands and modes for editing human languages. | |
| • Programs: | Commands and modes for editing programs. | |
| • Building: | Compiling, running and debugging programs. | |
| • Maintaining: | Features for maintaining large programs. | |
| • Abbrevs: | Defining text abbreviations to reduce typing. | |
| • Dired: | Directory and file manager. | |
| • Calendar/Diary: | Calendar and diary facilities. | |
| • Sending Mail: | Sending mail in Emacs. | |
| • Rmail: | Reading mail in Emacs. | |
| • Gnus: | A flexible mail and news reader. | |
| • Host Security: | Security issues on a single computer. | |
| • Network Security: | Managing the network security. | |
| • Document View: | Viewing PDF, PS and DVI files. | |
| • EWW: | A web browser in Emacs. | |
| • Embedded WebKit Widgets: | Embedding browser widgets in Emacs buffers. | |
| • Shell: | Executing shell commands from Emacs. | |
| • Emacs Server: | Using Emacs as an editing server. | |
| • Printing: | Printing hardcopies of buffers or regions. | |
| • Sorting: | Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs. | |
| • Picture Mode: | Editing pictures made up of text characters. | |
| • Editing Binary Files: | Editing binary files with Hexl mode. | |
| • Saving Emacs Sessions: | Saving Emacs state from one session to the next. | |
| • Recursive Edit: | Performing edits while within another command. | |
| • Hyperlinking: | Following links in buffers. | |
| • Amusements: | Various games and hacks. | |
| • Packages: | Installing additional features. | |
| • Customization: | Modifying the behavior of Emacs. | |
Recovery from Problems |
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| • Quitting: | Quitting and aborting. | |
| • Lossage: | What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning. | |
| • Bugs: | How and when to report a bug. | |
| • Contributing: | How to contribute improvements to Emacs. | |
| • Service: | How to get help for your own Emacs needs. | |
Appendices |
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| • Copying: | The GNU General Public License gives you permission to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; it also explains that there is no warranty. | |
| • GNU Free Documentation License: | The license for this documentation. | |
| • Emacs Invocation: | Hairy startup options. | |
| • X Resources: | X resources for customizing Emacs. | |
| • Antinews: | Information about Emacs version 24. | |
| • Mac OS / GNUstep: | Using Emacs under Mac OS and GNUstep. | |
| • Microsoft Windows: | Using Emacs on Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS. | |
| • Manifesto: | What’s GNU? Gnu’s Not Unix! | |
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| • Glossary: | Terms used in this manual. | |
| • Acknowledgments: | Major contributors to GNU Emacs. | |
Indexes (each index contains a large menu) |
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| • Key Index: | An item for each standard Emacs key sequence. | |
| • Option Index: | An item for every command-line option. | |
| • Command Index: | An item for each command name. | |
| • Variable Index: | An item for each documented variable. | |
| • Concept Index: | An item for each concept. | |
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— The Detailed Node Listing — ——————————— Here are some other nodes which are really subnodes of the ones already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: The Organization of the Screen |
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| • Point: | The place in the text where editing commands operate. | |
| • Echo Area: | Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. | |
| • Mode Line: | Interpreting the mode line. | |
| • Menu Bar: | How to use the menu bar. | |
Basic Editing Commands |
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| • Inserting Text: | Inserting text by simply typing it. | |
| • Moving Point: | Moving the cursor to the place where you want to change something. | |
| • Erasing: | Deleting and killing text. | |
| • Basic Undo: | Undoing recent changes in the text. | |
| • Basic Files: | Visiting, creating, and saving files. | |
| • Basic Help: | Asking what a character does. | |
| • Blank Lines: | Making and deleting blank lines. | |
| • Continuation Lines: | How Emacs displays lines too wide for the screen. | |
| • Position Info: | What line, row, or column is point on? | |
| • Arguments: | Numeric arguments for repeating a command N times. | |
| • Repeating: | Repeating the previous command quickly. | |
The Minibuffer |
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| • Basic Minibuffer: | Basic usage of the minibuffer. | |
| • Minibuffer File: | Entering file names with the minibuffer. | |
| • Minibuffer Edit: | How to edit in the minibuffer. | |
| • Completion: | An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input. | |
| • Minibuffer History: | Reusing recent minibuffer arguments. | |
| • Repetition: | Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. | |
| • Passwords: | Entering passwords in the echo area. | |
| • Yes or No Prompts: | Replying yes or no in the echo area. | |
Completion |
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| • Completion Example: | Examples of using completion. | |
| • Completion Commands: | A list of completion commands. | |
| • Completion Exit: | Completion and minibuffer text submission. | |
| • Completion Styles: | How completion matches are chosen. | |
| • Completion Options: | Options for completion. | |
Help |
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| • Help Summary: | Brief list of all Help commands. | |
| • Key Help: | Asking what a key does in Emacs. | |
| • Name Help: | Asking about a command, variable or function name. | |
| • Apropos: | Asking what pertains to a given topic. | |
| • Help Mode: | Special features of Help mode and Help buffers. | |
| • Package Keywords: | Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics). | |
| • Language Help: | Help relating to international language support. | |
| • Misc Help: | Other help commands. | |
| • Help Files: | Commands to display auxiliary help files. | |
| • Help Echo: | Help on active text and tooltips. | |
The Mark and the Region |
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| • Setting Mark: | Commands to set the mark. | |
| • Marking Objects: | Commands to put region around textual units. | |
| • Using Region: | Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. | |
| • Mark Ring: | Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. | |
| • Global Mark Ring: | Previous mark positions in various buffers. | |
| • Shift Selection: | Using shifted cursor motion keys. | |
| • Disabled Transient Mark: | Leaving regions unhighlighted by default. | |
Killing and Moving Text |
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| • Deletion and Killing: | Commands that remove text. | |
| • Yanking: | Commands that insert text. | |
| • Cut and Paste: | Clipboard and selections on graphical displays. | |
| • Accumulating Text: | Other methods to add text to the buffer. | |
| • Rectangles: | Operating on text in rectangular areas. | |
| • CUA Bindings: | Using C-x/C-c/C-v to kill and yank. | |
Deletion and Killing |
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| • Deletion: | Commands for deleting small amounts of text and blank areas. | |
| • Killing by Lines: | How to kill entire lines of text at one time. | |
| • Other Kill Commands: | Commands to kill large regions of text and syntactic units such as words and sentences. | |
| • Kill Options: | Options that affect killing. | |
Yanking |
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| • Kill Ring: | Where killed text is stored. | |
| • Earlier Kills: | Yanking something killed some time ago. | |
| • Appending Kills: | Several kills in a row all yank together. | |
Cut and Paste Operations on Graphical Displays |
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| • Clipboard: | How Emacs uses the system clipboard. | |
| • Primary Selection: | The temporarily selected text selection. | |
| • Secondary Selection: | Cutting without altering point and mark. | |
Registers |
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| • Position Registers: | Saving positions in registers. | |
| • Text Registers: | Saving text in registers. | |
| • Rectangle Registers: | Saving rectangles in registers. | |
| • Configuration Registers: | Saving window configurations in registers. | |
| • Number Registers: | Numbers in registers. | |
| • File Registers: | File names in registers. | |
| • Keyboard Macro Registers: | Keyboard macros in registers. | |
| • Bookmarks: | Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent. | |
Controlling the Display |
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| • Scrolling: | Commands to move text up and down in a window. | |
| • Recentering: | A scroll command that centers the current line. | |
| • Auto Scrolling: | Redisplay scrolls text automatically when needed. | |
| • Horizontal Scrolling: | Moving text left and right in a window. | |
| • Narrowing: | Restricting display and editing to a portion of the buffer. | |
| • View Mode: | Viewing read-only buffers. | |
| • Follow Mode: | Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. | |
| • Faces: | How to change the display style using faces. | |
| • Colors: | Specifying colors for faces. | |
| • Standard Faces: | The main predefined faces. | |
| • Text Scale: | Increasing or decreasing text size in a buffer. | |
| • Font Lock: | Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. | |
| • Highlight Interactively: | Tell Emacs what text to highlight. | |
| • Fringes: | Enabling or disabling window fringes. | |
| • Displaying Boundaries: | Displaying top and bottom of the buffer. | |
| • Useless Whitespace: | Showing possibly spurious trailing whitespace. | |
| • Selective Display: | Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
| • Optional Mode Line: | Optional mode line display features. | |
| • Text Display: | How text characters are normally displayed. | |
| • Cursor Display: | Features for displaying the cursor. | |
| • Line Truncation: | Truncating lines to fit the screen width instead of continuing them to multiple screen lines. | |
| • Visual Line Mode: | Word wrap and screen line-based editing. | |
| • Display Custom: | Information on variables for customizing display. | |
Searching and Replacement |
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| • Incremental Search: | Search happens as you type the string. | |
| • Nonincremental Search: | Specify entire string and then search. | |
| • Word Search: | Search for sequence of words. | |
| • Symbol Search: | Search for a source code symbol. | |
| • Regexp Search: | Search for match for a regexp. | |
| • Regexps: | Syntax of regular expressions. | |
| • Regexp Backslash: | Regular expression constructs starting with ‘\’. | |
| • Regexp Example: | A complex regular expression explained. | |
| • Lax Search: | Search ignores some distinctions between similar characters, like letter-case. | |
| • Replace: | Search, and replace some or all matches. | |
| • Other Repeating Search: | Operating on all matches for some regexp. | |
| • Search Customizations: | Various search customizations. | |
Incremental Search |
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| • Basic Isearch: | Basic incremental search commands. | |
| • Repeat Isearch: | Searching for the same string again. | |
| • Isearch Yank: | Commands that grab text into the search string or else edit the search string. | |
| • Error in Isearch: | When your string is not found. | |
| • Special Isearch: | Special input in incremental search. | |
| • Not Exiting Isearch: | Prefix argument and scrolling commands. | |
| • Isearch Minibuffer: | Incremental search of the minibuffer history. | |
Replacement Commands |
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| • Unconditional Replace: | Replacing all matches for a string. | |
| • Regexp Replace: | Replacing all matches for a regexp. | |
| • Replacement and Lax Matches: | Lax searching for text to replace. | |
| • Query Replace: | How to use querying. | |
Commands for Fixing Typos |
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| • Undo: | The Undo commands. | |
| • Transpose: | Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
| • Fixing Case: | Correcting case of last word entered. | |
| • Spelling: | Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file. | |
Keyboard Macros |
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| • Basic Keyboard Macro: | Defining and running keyboard macros. | |
| • Keyboard Macro Ring: | Where previous keyboard macros are saved. | |
| • Keyboard Macro Counter: | Inserting incrementing numbers in macros. | |
| • Keyboard Macro Query: | Making keyboard macros do different things each time. | |
| • Save Keyboard Macro: | Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files. | |
| • Edit Keyboard Macro: | Editing keyboard macros. | |
| • Keyboard Macro Step-Edit: | Interactively executing and editing a keyboard macro. | |
File Handling |
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| • File Names: | How to type and edit file-name arguments. | |
| • Visiting: | Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file. | |
| • Saving: | Saving makes your changes permanent. | |
| • Reverting: | Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. | |
| • Autorevert: | Auto Reverting non-file buffers. | |
| • Auto Save: | Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. | |
| • File Aliases: | Handling multiple names for one file. | |
| • Directories: | Creating, deleting, and listing file directories. | |
| • Comparing Files: | Finding where two files differ. | |
| • Diff Mode: | Mode for editing file differences. | |
| • Misc File Ops: | Other things you can do on files. | |
| • Compressed Files: | Accessing compressed files. | |
| • File Archives: | Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files. | |
| • Remote Files: | Accessing files on other machines. | |
| • Quoted File Names: | Quoting special characters in file names. | |
| • File Name Cache: | Completion against a list of files you often use. | |
| • File Conveniences: | Convenience Features for Finding Files. | |
| • Filesets: | Handling sets of files. | |
Saving Files |
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| • Save Commands: | Commands for saving files. | |
| • Backup: | How Emacs saves the old version of your file. | |
| • Customize Save: | Customizing the saving of files. | |
| • Interlocking: | How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing of one file by two users. | |
| • File Shadowing: | Copying files to shadows automatically. | |
| • Time Stamps: | Emacs can update time stamps on saved files. | |
Backup Files |
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| • Backup Names: | How backup files are named. | |
| • Backup Deletion: | Emacs deletes excess numbered backups. | |
| • Backup Copying: | Backups can be made by copying or renaming. | |
Auto Reverting Non-File Buffers |
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| • Auto Reverting the Buffer Menu: | Auto Revert of the Buffer Menu. | |
| • Auto Reverting Dired: | Auto Revert of Dired buffers. | |
| • Supporting additional buffers: | How to add more Auto Revert support. | |
Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters |
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| • Auto Save Files: | The file where auto-saved changes are actually made until you save the file. | |
| • Auto Save Control: | Controlling when and how often to auto-save. | |
| • Recover: | Recovering text from auto-save files. | |
Using Multiple Buffers |
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| • Select Buffer: | Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
| • List Buffers: | Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
| • Misc Buffer: | Renaming; changing read-only status; copying text. | |
| • Kill Buffer: | Killing buffers you no longer need. | |
| • Several Buffers: | How to go through the list of all buffers and operate variously on several of them. | |
| • Indirect Buffers: | An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. | |
| • Buffer Convenience: | Convenience and customization features for buffer handling. | |
Convenience Features and Customization of Buffer Handling |
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| • Uniquify: | Making buffer names unique with directory parts. | |
| • Icomplete: | Fast minibuffer selection. | |
| • Buffer Menus: | Configurable buffer menu. | |
Multiple Windows |
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| • Basic Window: | Introduction to Emacs windows. | |
| • Split Window: | New windows are made by splitting existing windows. | |
| • Other Window: | Moving to another window or doing something to it. | |
| • Pop Up Window: | Finding a file or buffer in another window. | |
| • Change Window: | Deleting windows and changing their sizes. | |
| • Displaying Buffers: | How Emacs picks a window for displaying a buffer. | |
| • Temporary Displays: | Displaying non-editable buffers. | |
| • Window Convenience: | Convenience functions for window handling. | |
Displaying a Buffer in a Window |
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| • Window Choice: | How display-buffer
works. |
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Frames and Graphical Displays |
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| • Mouse Commands: | Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse. | |
| • Word and Line Mouse: | Mouse commands for selecting whole words or lines. | |
| • Mouse References: | Using the mouse to select an item from a list. | |
| • Menu Mouse Clicks: | Mouse clicks that bring up menus. | |
| • Mode Line Mouse: | Mouse clicks on the mode line. | |
| • Creating Frames: | Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. | |
| • Frame Commands: | Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames. | |
| • Fonts: | Changing the frame font. | |
| • Speedbar: | How to make and use a speedbar frame. | |
| • Multiple Displays: | How one Emacs instance can talk to several displays. | |
| • Frame Parameters: | Changing the colors and other modes of frames. | |
| • Scroll Bars: | How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. | |
| • Window Dividers: | Window separators that can be dragged with the mouse. | |
| • Drag and Drop: | Using drag and drop to open files and insert text. | |
| • Menu Bars: | Enabling and disabling the menu bar. | |
| • Tool Bars: | Enabling and disabling the tool bar. | |
| • Dialog Boxes: | Controlling use of dialog boxes. | |
| • Tooltips: | Displaying information at the current mouse position. | |
| • Mouse Avoidance: | Preventing the mouse pointer from obscuring text. | |
| • Non-Window Terminals: | Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. | |
| • Text-Only Mouse: | Using the mouse in text terminals. | |
International Character Set Support |
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| • International Chars: | Basic concepts of multibyte characters. | |
| • Language Environments: | Setting things up for the language you use. | |
| • Input Methods: | Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
| • Select Input Method: | Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
| • Coding Systems: | Character set conversion when you read and write files, and so on. | |
| • Recognize Coding: | How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
| • Specify Coding: | Specifying a file’s coding system explicitly. | |
| • Output Coding: | Choosing coding systems for output. | |
| • Text Coding: | Choosing conversion to use for file text. | |
| • Communication Coding: | Coding systems for interprocess communication. | |
| • File Name Coding: | Coding systems for file names. | |
| • Terminal Coding: | Specifying coding systems for converting terminal input and output. | |
| • Fontsets: | Fontsets are collections of fonts that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
| • Defining Fontsets: | Defining a new fontset. | |
| • Modifying Fontsets: | Modifying an existing fontset. | |
| • Undisplayable Characters: | When characters don’t display. | |
| • Unibyte Mode: | You can pick one European character set to use without multibyte characters. | |
| • Charsets: | How Emacs groups its internal character codes. | |
| • Bidirectional Editing: | Support for right-to-left scripts. | |
Major and Minor Modes |
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| • Major Modes: | Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode... | |
| • Minor Modes: | Each minor mode is a feature you can turn on independently of any others. | |
| • Choosing Modes: | How modes are chosen when visiting files. | |
Indentation |
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| • Indentation Commands: | More commands for performing indentation. | |
| • Tab Stops: | Stop points for indentation in Text modes. | |
| • Just Spaces: | Using only space characters for indentation. | |
| • Indent Convenience: | Optional indentation features. | |
Commands for Human Languages |
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| • Words: | Moving over and killing words. | |
| • Sentences: | Moving over and killing sentences. | |
| • Paragraphs: | Moving over paragraphs. | |
| • Pages: | Moving over pages. | |
| • Quotation Marks: | Inserting quotation marks. | |
| • Filling: | Filling or justifying text. | |
| • Case: | Changing the case of text. | |
| • Text Mode: | The major modes for editing text files. | |
| • Outline Mode: | Editing outlines. | |
| • Org Mode: | The Emacs organizer. | |
| • TeX Mode: | Editing TeX and LaTeX files. | |
| • HTML Mode: | Editing HTML and SGML files. | |
| • Nroff Mode: | Editing input to the nroff formatter. | |
| • Enriched Text: | Editing text enriched with fonts, colors, etc. | |
| • Text Based Tables: | Commands for editing text-based tables. | |
| • Two-Column: | Splitting text columns into separate windows. | |
Filling Text |
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| • Auto Fill: | Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
| • Fill Commands: | Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. | |
| • Fill Prefix: | Filling paragraphs that are indented or in a comment, etc. | |
| • Adaptive Fill: | How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
Outline Mode |
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| • Outline Format: | What the text of an outline looks like. | |
| • Outline Motion: | Special commands for moving through outlines. | |
| • Outline Visibility: | Commands to control what is visible. | |
| • Outline Views: | Outlines and multiple views. | |
| • Foldout: | Folding means zooming in on outlines. | |
Org Mode |
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| • Org Organizer: | Managing TODO lists and agendas. | |
| • Org Authoring: | Exporting Org buffers to various formats. | |
TeX Mode |
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| • TeX Editing: | Special commands for editing in TeX mode. | |
| • LaTeX Editing: | Additional commands for LaTeX input files. | |
| • TeX Print: | Commands for printing part of a file with TeX. | |
| • TeX Misc: | Customization of TeX mode, and related features. | |
Enriched Text |
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| • Enriched Mode: | Entering and exiting Enriched mode. | |
| • Hard and Soft Newlines: | There are two different kinds of newlines. | |
| • Editing Format Info: | How to edit text properties. | |
| • Enriched Faces: | Bold, italic, underline, etc. | |
| • Enriched Indentation: | Changing the left and right margins. | |
| • Enriched Justification: | Centering, setting text flush with the left or right margin, etc. | |
| • Enriched Properties: | The “Special text properties” submenu. | |
Editing Text-based Tables |
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| • Table Definition: | What is a text based table. | |
| • Table Creation: | How to create a table. | |
| • Table Recognition: | How to activate and deactivate tables. | |
| • Cell Commands: | Cell-oriented commands in a table. | |
| • Cell Justification: | Justifying cell contents. | |
| • Table Rows and Columns: | Inserting and deleting rows and columns. | |
| • Table Conversion: | Converting between plain text and tables. | |
| • Table Misc: | Table miscellany. | |
Editing Programs |
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| • Program Modes: | Major modes for editing programs. | |
| • Defuns: | Commands to operate on major top-level parts of a program. | |
| • Program Indent: | Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. | |
| • Parentheses: | Commands that operate on parentheses. | |
| • Comments: | Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. | |
| • Documentation: | Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. | |
| • Hideshow: | Displaying blocks selectively. | |
| • Symbol Completion: | Completion on symbol names of your program or language. | |
| • MixedCase Words: | Dealing with identifiersLikeThis. | |
| • Semantic: | Suite of editing tools based on source code parsing. | |
| • Misc for Programs: | Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. | |
| • C Modes: | Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, Java, IDL, Pike and AWK modes. | |
| • Asm Mode: | Asm mode and its special features. | |
| • Fortran: | Fortran mode and its special features. | |
Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns |
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| • Left Margin Paren: | An open-paren or similar opening delimiter starts a defun if it is at the left margin. | |
| • Moving by Defuns: | Commands to move over or mark a major definition. | |
| • Imenu: | Making buffer indexes as menus. | |
| • Which Function: | Which Function mode shows which function you are in. | |
Indentation for Programs |
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| • Basic Indent: | Indenting a single line. | |
| • Multi-line Indent: | Commands to reindent many lines at once. | |
| • Lisp Indent: | Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. | |
| • C Indent: | Extra features for indenting C and related modes. | |
| • Custom C Indent: | Controlling indentation style for C and related modes. | |
Commands for Editing with Parentheses |
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| • Expressions: | Expressions with balanced parentheses. | |
| • Moving by Parens: | Commands for moving up, down and across in the structure of parentheses. | |
| • Matching: | Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. | |
Manipulating Comments |
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| • Comment Commands: | Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. | |
| • Multi-Line Comments: | Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments. | |
| • Options for Comments: | Customizing the comment features. | |
Documentation Lookup |
||
| • Info Lookup: | Looking up library functions and commands in Info files. | |
| • Man Page: | Looking up man pages of library functions and commands. | |
| • Lisp Doc: | Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc. | |
C and Related Modes |
||
| • Motion in C: | Commands to move by C statements, etc. | |
| • Electric C: | Colon and other chars can automatically reindent. | |
| • Hungry Delete: | A more powerful DEL command. | |
| • Other C Commands: | Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, and other neat features. | |
Fortran Mode |
||
| • Fortran Motion: | Moving point by statements or subprograms. | |
| • Fortran Indent: | Indentation commands for Fortran. | |
| • Fortran Comments: | Inserting and aligning comments. | |
| • Fortran Autofill: | Auto fill support for Fortran. | |
| • Fortran Columns: | Measuring columns for valid Fortran. | |
| • Fortran Abbrev: | Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. | |
Fortran Indentation |
||
| • ForIndent Commands: | Commands for indenting and filling Fortran. | |
| • ForIndent Cont: | How continuation lines indent. | |
| • ForIndent Num: | How line numbers auto-indent. | |
| • ForIndent Conv: | Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble. | |
| • ForIndent Vars: | Variables controlling Fortran indent style. | |
Compiling and Testing Programs |
||
| • Compilation: | Compiling programs in languages other than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
| • Compilation Mode: | The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
| • Compilation Shell: | Customizing your shell properly for use in the compilation buffer. | |
| • Grep Searching: | Searching with grep. | |
| • Flymake: | Finding syntax errors on the fly. | |
| • Debuggers: | Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. | |
| • Executing Lisp: | Various modes for editing Lisp programs, with different facilities for running the Lisp programs. | |
| • Lisp Libraries: | How Lisp programs are loaded into Emacs. | |
| • Lisp Eval: | Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. | |
| • Lisp Interaction: | Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. | |
| • External Lisp: | Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. | |
Running Debuggers Under Emacs |
||
| • Starting GUD: | How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
| • Debugger Operation: | Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
| • Commands of GUD: | Key bindings for common commands. | |
| • GUD Customization: | Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
| • GDB Graphical Interface: | An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to implement a graphical debugging environment. | |
GDB Graphical Interface |
||
| • GDB User Interface Layout: | Control the number of displayed buffers. | |
| • Source Buffers: | Use the mouse in the fringe/margin to control your program. | |
| • Breakpoints Buffer: | A breakpoint control panel. | |
| • Threads Buffer: | Displays your threads. | |
| • Stack Buffer: | Select a frame from the call stack. | |
| • Other GDB Buffers: | Other buffers for controlling the GDB state. | |
| • Watch Expressions: | Monitor variable values in the speedbar. | |
| • Multithreaded Debugging: | Debugging programs with several threads. | |
Maintaining Large Programs |
||
| • Version Control: | Using version control systems. | |
| • Change Log: | Maintaining a change history for your program. | |
| • Xref: | Find definitions and references of any function, method, struct, macro, … in your program. | |
| • EDE: | An integrated development environment for Emacs. | |
| • Emerge: | A convenient way of merging two versions of a program. | |
Version Control |
||
| • Introduction to VC: | How version control works in general. | |
| • VC Mode Line: | How the mode line shows version control status. | |
| • Basic VC Editing: | How to edit a file under version control. | |
| • Log Buffer: | Features available in log entry buffers. | |
| • Registering: | Putting a file under version control. | |
| • Old Revisions: | Examining and comparing old versions. | |
| • VC Change Log: | Viewing the VC Change Log. | |
| • VC Undo: | Canceling changes before or after committing. | |
| • VC Ignore: | Ignore files under version control system. | |
| • VC Directory Mode: | Listing files managed by version control. | |
| • Branches: | Multiple lines of development. | |
| • Miscellaneous VC: | Various other commands and features of VC. | |
| • Customizing VC: | Variables that change VC’s behavior. | |
Introduction to Version Control |
||
| • Why Version Control?: | Understanding the problems it addresses. | |
| • Version Control Systems: | Supported version control back-end systems. | |
| • VCS Concepts: | Words and concepts related to version control. | |
| • VCS Merging: | How file conflicts are handled. | |
| • VCS Changesets: | How changes are grouped. | |
| • VCS Repositories: | Where version control repositories are stored. | |
| • Types of Log File: | The VCS log in contrast to the ChangeLog. | |
Basic Editing under Version Control |
||
| • VC With A Merging VCS: | Without locking: default mode for CVS. | |
| • VC With A Locking VCS: | RCS in its default mode, SCCS, and optionally CVS. | |
| • Advanced C-x v v: | Advanced features available with a prefix argument. | |
VC Directory Mode |
||
| • VC Directory Buffer: | What the buffer looks like and means. | |
| • VC Directory Commands: | Commands to use in a VC directory buffer. | |
Version Control Branches |
||
| • Switching Branches: | How to get to another existing branch. | |
| • Pulling / Pushing: | Receiving/sending changes from/to elsewhere. | |
| • Merging: | Transferring changes between branches. | |
| • Creating Branches: | How to start a new branch. | |
Miscellaneous Commands and Features of VC |
||
| • Change Logs and VC: | Generating a change log file from log entries. | |
| • VC Delete/Rename: | Deleting and renaming version-controlled files. | |
| • Revision Tags: | Symbolic names for revisions. | |
| • Version Headers: | Inserting version control headers into working files. | |
Customizing VC |
||
| • General VC Options: | Options that apply to multiple back ends. | |
| • RCS and SCCS: | Options for RCS and SCCS. | |
| • CVS Options: | Options for CVS. | |
Change Logs |
||
| • Change Log Commands: | Commands for editing change log files. | |
| • Format of ChangeLog: | What the change log file looks like. | |
Xref |
||
| • Find Identifiers: | Commands to find where an identifier is defined or referenced, to list identifiers, etc. | |
| • Tags Tables: | Tags table records which file defines a symbol. | |
| • Select Tags Table: | How to visit a specific tags table. | |
Find Identifiers |
||
| • Looking Up Identifiers: | Commands to find the definition of a specific tag. | |
| • Xref Commands: | Commands in the *xref* buffer. | |
| • Identifier Search: | Searching and replacing identifiers. | |
| • List Identifiers: | Listing identifiers and completing on them. | |
Tags Tables |
||
| • Tag Syntax: | Tag syntax for various types of code and text files. | |
| • Create Tags Table: | Creating a tags table with
etags. |
|
| • Etags Regexps: | Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions. | |
Merging Files with Emerge |
||
| • Overview of Emerge: | How to start Emerge. Basic concepts. | |
| • Submodes of Emerge: | Fast mode vs. Edit mode. Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode. | |
| • State of Difference: | You do the merge by specifying state A or B for each difference. | |
| • Merge Commands: | Commands for selecting a difference, changing states of differences, etc. | |
| • Exiting Emerge: | What to do when you’ve finished the merge. | |
| • Combining in Emerge: | How to keep both alternatives for a difference. | |
| • Fine Points of Emerge: | Miscellaneous issues. | |
Abbrevs |
||
| • Abbrev Concepts: | Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. | |
| • Defining Abbrevs: | Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. | |
| • Expanding Abbrevs: | Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. | |
| • Editing Abbrevs: | Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. | |
| • Saving Abbrevs: | Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. | |
| • Dynamic Abbrevs: | Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. | |
| • Dabbrev Customization: | What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling. | |
Editing Pictures |
||
| • Basic Picture: | Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. | |
| • Insert in Picture: | Controlling direction of cursor motion after self-inserting characters. | |
| • Tabs in Picture: | Various features for tab stops and indentation. | |
| • Rectangles in Picture: | Clearing and superimposing rectangles. | |
Dired, the Directory Editor |
||
| • Dired Enter: | How to invoke Dired. | |
| • Dired Navigation: | Special motion commands in the Dired buffer. | |
| • Dired Deletion: | Deleting files with Dired. | |
| • Flagging Many Files: | Flagging files based on their names. | |
| • Dired Visiting: | Other file operations through Dired. | |
| • Marks vs Flags: | Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
| • Operating on Files: | How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. either one file or several files. | |
| • Shell Commands in Dired: | Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
| • Transforming File Names: | Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
| • Comparison in Dired: | Running diff by
way of Dired. |
|
| • Subdirectories in Dired: | Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
| • Subdir Switches: | Subdirectory switches in Dired. | |
| • Subdirectory Motion: | Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
| • Hiding Subdirectories: | Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
| • Dired Updating: | Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
| • Dired and Find: | Using find to
choose the files for Dired. |
|
| • Wdired: | Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer. | |
| • Image-Dired: | Viewing image thumbnails in Dired. | |
| • Misc Dired Features: | Various other features. | |
The Calendar and the Diary |
||
| • Calendar Motion: | Moving through the calendar; selecting a date. | |
| • Scroll Calendar: | Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen. | |
| • Counting Days: | How many days are there between two dates? | |
| • General Calendar: | Exiting or recomputing the calendar. | |
| • Writing Calendar Files: | Writing calendars to files of various formats. | |
| • Holidays: | Displaying dates of holidays. | |
| • Sunrise/Sunset: | Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset. | |
| • Lunar Phases: | Displaying phases of the moon. | |
| • Other Calendars: | Converting dates to other calendar systems. | |
| • Diary: | Displaying events from your diary. | |
| • Appointments: | Reminders when it’s time to do something. | |
| • Importing Diary: | Converting diary events to/from other formats. | |
| • Daylight Saving: | How to specify when daylight saving time is active. | |
| • Time Intervals: | Keeping track of time intervals. | |
| • Advanced Calendar/Diary Usage: | Advanced Calendar/Diary customization. | |
Movement in the Calendar |
||
| • Calendar Unit Motion: | Moving by days, weeks, months, and years. | |
| • Move to Beginning or End: | Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years. | |
| • Specified Dates: | Moving to the current date or another specific date. | |
Conversion To and From Other Calendars |
||
| • Calendar Systems: | The calendars Emacs understands (aside from Gregorian). | |
| • To Other Calendar: | Converting the selected date to various calendars. | |
| • From Other Calendar: | Moving to a date specified in another calendar. | |
The Diary |
||
| • Format of Diary File: | Entering events in your diary. | |
| • Displaying the Diary: | Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates. | |
| • Date Formats: | Various ways you can specify dates. | |
| • Adding to Diary: | Commands to create diary entries. | |
| • Special Diary Entries: | Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc. | |
More advanced features of the Calendar and Diary |
||
| • Calendar Customizing: | Calendar layout and hooks. | |
| • Holiday Customizing: | Defining your own holidays. | |
| • Mayan Calendar: | Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar. | |
| • Date Display Format: | Changing the format. | |
| • Time Display Format: | Changing the format. | |
| • Diary Customizing: | Defaults you can set. | |
| • Non-Gregorian Diary: | Diary entries based on other calendars. | |
| • Diary Display: | A choice of ways to display the diary. | |
| • Fancy Diary Display: | Sorting diary entries, using included diary files. | |
| • Sexp Diary Entries: | More flexible diary entries. | |
Sending Mail |
||
| • Mail Format: | Format of a mail message. | |
| • Mail Headers: | Details of some standard mail header fields. | |
| • Mail Aliases: | Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses. | |
| • Mail Commands: | Special commands for editing mail being composed. | |
| • Mail Signature: | Adding a signature to every message. | |
| • Mail Amusements: | Distracting the NSA; adding fortune messages. | |
| • Mail Methods: | Using alternative mail-composition methods. | |
Mail Commands |
||
| • Mail Sending: | Commands to send the message. | |
| • Header Editing: | Commands to move to header fields and edit them. | |
| • Citing Mail: | Quoting a message you are replying to. | |
| • Mail Misc: | Attachments, spell checking, etc. | |
Reading Mail with Rmail |
||
| • Rmail Basics: | Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use. | |
| • Rmail Scrolling: | Scrolling through a message. | |
| • Rmail Motion: | Moving to another message. | |
| • Rmail Deletion: | Deleting and expunging messages. | |
| • Rmail Inbox: | How mail gets into the Rmail file. | |
| • Rmail Files: | Using multiple Rmail files. | |
| • Rmail Output: | Copying message out to files. | |
| • Rmail Labels: | Classifying messages by labeling them. | |
| • Rmail Attributes: | Certain standard labels, called attributes. | |
| • Rmail Reply: | Sending replies to messages you are viewing. | |
| • Rmail Summary: | Summaries show brief info on many messages. | |
| • Rmail Sorting: | Sorting messages in Rmail. | |
| • Rmail Display: | How Rmail displays a message; customization. | |
| • Rmail Coding: | How Rmail handles decoding character sets. | |
| • Rmail Editing: | Editing message text and headers in Rmail. | |
| • Rmail Digest: | Extracting the messages from a digest message. | |
| • Rmail Rot13: | Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code. | |
| • Movemail: | More details of fetching new mail. | |
| • Remote Mailboxes: | Retrieving mail from remote mailboxes. | |
| • Other Mailbox Formats: | Retrieving mail from local mailboxes in various formats. | |
Rmail Summaries |
||
| • Rmail Make Summary: | Making various sorts of summaries. | |
| • Rmail Summary Edit: | Manipulating messages from the summary. | |
Gnus |
||
| • Buffers of Gnus: | The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
| • Gnus Startup: | What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
| • Gnus Group Buffer: | A short description of Gnus group commands. | |
| • Gnus Summary Buffer: | A short description of Gnus summary commands. | |
Document Viewing |
||
| • DocView Navigation: | Navigating DocView buffers. | |
| • DocView Searching: | Searching inside documents. | |
| • DocView Slicing: | Specifying which part of a page is displayed. | |
| • DocView Conversion: | Influencing and triggering conversion. | |
Running Shell Commands from Emacs |
||
| • Single Shell: | How to run one shell command and return. | |
| • Interactive Shell: | Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
| • Shell Mode: | Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
| • Shell Prompts: | Two ways to recognize shell prompts. | |
| • Shell History: | Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. | |
| • Directory Tracking: | Keeping track when the subshell changes directory. | |
| • Shell Options: | Options for customizing Shell mode. | |
| • Terminal emulator: | An Emacs window as a terminal emulator. | |
| • Term Mode: | Special Emacs commands used in Term mode. | |
| • Remote Host: | Connecting to another computer. | |
| • Serial Terminal: | Connecting to a serial port. | |
Shell Command History |
||
| • Shell Ring: | Fetching commands from the history list. | |
| • Shell History Copying: | Moving to a command and then copying it. | |
| • History References: | Expanding ‘!’-style history references. | |
Using Emacs as a Server |
||
| • Invoking emacsclient: | Connecting to the Emacs server. | |
| • emacsclient Options: | Emacs client startup options. | |
Printing Hard Copies |
||
| • PostScript: | Printing buffers or regions as PostScript. | |
| • PostScript Variables: | Customizing the PostScript printing commands. | |
| • Printing Package: | An optional advanced printing interface. | |
Hyperlinking and Navigation Features |
||
| • Browse-URL: | Following URLs. | |
| • Goto Address mode: | Activating URLs. | |
| • FFAP: | Finding files etc. at point. | |
Emacs Lisp Packages |
||
| • Package Menu: | Buffer for viewing and managing packages. | |
| • Package Installation: | Options for package installation. | |
| • Package Files: | Where packages are installed. | |
Customization |
||
| • Easy Customization: | Convenient way to browse and change settings. | |
| • Variables: | Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables to decide what to do; by setting variables, you can control their functioning. | |
| • Key Bindings: | The keymaps say what command each key runs. By changing them, you can redefine keys. | |
| • Init File: | How to write common customizations in the initialization file. | |
Easy Customization Interface |
||
| • Customization Groups: | How settings are classified. | |
| • Browsing Custom: | Browsing and searching for settings. | |
| • Changing a Variable: | How to edit an option’s value and set the option. | |
| • Saving Customizations: | Saving customizations for future Emacs sessions. | |
| • Face Customization: | How to edit the attributes of a face. | |
| • Specific Customization: | Customizing specific settings or groups. | |
| • Custom Themes: | Collections of customization settings. | |
| • Creating Custom Themes: | How to create a new custom theme. | |
Variables |
||
| • Examining: | Examining or setting one variable’s value. | |
| • Hooks: | Hook variables let you specify programs for parts of Emacs to run on particular occasions. | |
| • Locals: | Per-buffer values of variables. | |
| • File Variables: | How files can specify variable values. | |
| • Directory Variables: | How variable values can be specified by directory. | |
Local Variables in Files |
||
| • Specifying File Variables: | Specifying file local variables. | |
| • Safe File Variables: | Making sure file local variables are safe. | |
Customizing Key Bindings |
||
| • Keymaps: | Generalities. The global keymap. | |
| • Prefix Keymaps: | Keymaps for prefix keys. | |
| • Local Keymaps: | Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. | |
| • Minibuffer Maps: | The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. | |
| • Rebinding: | How to redefine one key’s meaning conveniently. | |
| • Init Rebinding: | Rebinding keys with your initialization file. | |
| • Modifier Keys: | Using modifier keys in key bindings. | |
| • Function Keys: | Rebinding terminal function keys. | |
| • Named ASCII Chars: | Distinguishing TAB from C-i, and so on. | |
| • Mouse Buttons: | Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. | |
| • Disabling: | Disabling a command means confirmation is required before it can be executed. This is done to protect beginners from surprises. | |
The Emacs Initialization File |
||
| • Init Syntax: | Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. | |
| • Init Examples: | How to do some things with an init file. | |
| • Terminal Init: | Each terminal type can have an init file. | |
| • Find Init: | How Emacs finds the init file. | |
| • Init Non-ASCII: | Using non-ASCII characters in an init file. | |
Dealing with Emacs Trouble |
||
| • DEL Does Not Delete: | What to do if DEL doesn’t delete. | |
| • Stuck Recursive: | ’[...]’ in mode line around the parentheses. | |
| • Screen Garbled: | Garbage on the screen. | |
| • Text Garbled: | Garbage in the text. | |
| • Memory Full: | How to cope when you run out of memory. | |
| • Crashing: | What Emacs does when it crashes. | |
| • After a Crash: | Recovering editing in an Emacs session that crashed. | |
| • Emergency Escape: | What to do if Emacs stops responding. | |
Reporting Bugs |
||
| • Known Problems: | How to read about known problems and bugs. | |
| • Bug Criteria: | Have you really found a bug? | |
| • Understanding Bug Reporting: | How to report a bug effectively. | |
| • Checklist: | Steps to follow for a good bug report. | |
| • Sending Patches: | How to send a patch for GNU Emacs. | |
Contributing to Emacs Development |
||
| • Coding Standards: | Gnu Emacs coding standards. | |
| • Copyright Assignment: | Assigning copyright to the FSF. | |
Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation |
||
| • Action Arguments: | Arguments to visit files, load libraries, and call functions. | |
| • Initial Options: | Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
| • Command Example: | Examples of using command line arguments. | |
| • Environment: | Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
| • Display X: | Changing the default display and using remote login. | |
| • Font X: | Choosing a font for text, under X. | |
| • Colors X: | Choosing display colors. | |
| • Window Size X: | Start-up window size, under X. | |
| • Borders X: | Internal and external borders, under X. | |
| • Title X: | Specifying the initial frame’s title. | |
| • Icons X: | Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. | |
| • Misc X: | Other display options. | |
Environment Variables |
||
| • General Variables: | Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. | |
| • Misc Variables: | Certain system-specific variables. | |
| • MS-Windows Registry: | An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows. | |
X Options and Resources |
||
| • Resources: | Using X resources with Emacs (in general). | |
| • Table of Resources: | Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs. | |
| • Lucid Resources: | X resources for Lucid menus. | |
| • Motif Resources: | X resources for Motif and LessTif menus. | |
| • GTK resources: | Resources for GTK widgets. | |
GTK resources |
||
| • GTK Resource Basics: | Basic usage of GTK+ resources. | |
| • GTK Widget Names: | How GTK+ widgets are named. | |
| • GTK Names in Emacs: | GTK widgets used by Emacs. | |
| • GTK styles: | What can be customized in a GTK widget. | |
Emacs and Mac OS / GNUstep |
||
| • Mac / GNUstep Basics: | Basic Emacs usage under GNUstep or Mac OS. | |
| • Mac / GNUstep Customization: | Customizations under GNUstep or Mac OS. | |
| • Mac / GNUstep Events: | How window system events are handled. | |
| • GNUstep Support: | Details on status of GNUstep support. | |
Emacs and Microsoft Windows/MS-DOS |
||
| • Windows Startup: | How to start Emacs on Windows. | |
| • Text and Binary: | Text files use CRLF to terminate lines. | |
| • Windows Files: | File-name conventions on Windows. | |
| • ls in Lisp: | Emulation of ls
for Dired. |
|
| • Windows HOME: | Where Emacs looks for your .emacs and where it starts up. | |
| • Windows Keyboard: | Windows-specific keyboard features. | |
| • Windows Mouse: | Windows-specific mouse features. | |
| • Windows Processes: | Running subprocesses on Windows. | |
| • Windows Printing: | How to specify the printer on MS-Windows. | |
| • Windows Fonts: | Specifying fonts on MS-Windows. | |
| • Windows Misc: | Miscellaneous Windows features. | |
| • MS-DOS: | Using Emacs on MS-DOS. | |
Emacs and MS-DOS |
||
| • MS-DOS Keyboard: | Keyboard conventions on MS-DOS. | |
| • MS-DOS Mouse: | Mouse conventions on MS-DOS. | |
| • MS-DOS Display: | Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS. | |
| • MS-DOS File Names: | File name conventions on MS-DOS. | |
| • MS-DOS Printing: | Printing specifics on MS-DOS. | |
| • MS-DOS and MULE: | Support for internationalization on MS-DOS. | |
| • MS-DOS Processes: | Running subprocesses on MS-DOS. | |
|
|
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